Twenty thousand dollars gets one person a cruise to Antarctica, but he will have to also shoulder his 14 day cruise that costs a hefty six to seven thousand dollars and of course, a round trip ticket as he will have to depart from Ushuaia Argentina’s Tierra del Fuego, where 90 percent of voyagers originate. Many environmental experts state that Antarctica is not invincible even with its tough climate and geography as well as the price of getting there as the tourists keep growing each year and this truly affects the land’s ecosystem.

The project director spearheading the Antarctic Project believes that the beauty of Antarctica must be seen by many people but there is a growing need to cap tourists from flooding it every single year, along with prohibiting more sites to be explored. This project which is based in Washington spans more than 40 nations and its conservation organizations amounting to over 200 of them as secretariat. Most people may avow fighting for the conservation of the Antarctic environment, the sad fact is that these travelers are dangerously in love with it and there are just too many people venturing into this fragile place.

The sole area boasting of having the biggest concentration of seals, penguins and birds is the one place frequented by so many tourists and this made this director push for a 6,000 yearly limit for visitors who venture to the Antarctic Peninsula which is 800 miles long. Although tour groups, at a time, rarely exceed a hundred visitors stepping on land. Animals are barely able to get food for themselves or for their young much more getting some rests, when there are visitors.

But when it comes to a long term effect, not even science can answer that, she notes. Tourists touching the plants and not abiding by garbage disposal laws are two of Antarctica’s environmental quandaries. The numbers of experienced staffs make sure that as tourists go ashore, minimal environmental impact is caused by tourists and this is also the reason why tour operators abide by Antarctic Treaty system pattered guidelines. The Antarctic Treaty supported by 43 different nations and signed in the year 1959 as well as the January 14, 1998 environmental protocol reinforced protective measures for the environment like stopping mining and oil drilling, along with limiting fishing events and cruises around the frozen continent.

The tour association members based in New York voluntarily took the 100 person limit for shore tours where they employ zodiacs which are motorized boats made of rubber. Of the 15 vessels in Antarctica this season, nine fly Russian flags. During the breakup of the Soviet Union, several small sea vessels became available for the disposal of tour operators. Those ships, including an icebreaker and several other vessels whose hulls were hardened against ice, carry from 40 to 80 passengers. But then there is persisting concern toward the environment of Antarctica. It’s possible that in the future, we’ll look back and say, no problem, we worried about it needlessly. But until science comes up with the answers, we owe it to Antarctica and to ourselves to put limits on our travels there.

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Insects and their family are the only animals that can stay on Antarctica all year long. A recent magazine article reported this. Though over 56 species of arthropod have been recorded on Antarctica, you?ll not be able to see them with just your eyes. The biggest measures about the same as a horsefly, and is a wingless fly. Their lives are paused until the air temperatures reach 32 degrees Fahrenheit, which is the freezing point of water, and they resume their daily activities.

In utter contrast to the seemingly barren land, the waters around Antarctica abound with life from microscopic in size up to the largest living thing any where on our planet, blue whales. At one point, scientist sought to observe the sea’s creatures by lowering a steel capsule under the ice. It measured six by four feet. The windows through which the men peeked out were small, and it was so small that turns were taken to occupy it. Sounds could be detected and recorded through a hydrophone that was placed on the exterior of the capsule.

Though there weren?t a lot of fish to be seen, there was a jelly fish that sported tentacles of up to thirty feet in length. The waters were often graced by seals, who used the hole scientist had cut into the ice to surface for air, and inspected the capsule. Scientists described the sounds these seals made as chirps, buzzes, beeps and whistles. One scientist said this was the first time he?d ever heard this type of underwater din.

Weddell seals are typically thought to navigate and communicate using those series of sounds. It’s possible that the seals can find the food that’s often rare in the Antarctic through this sonar. Seal sounds are being investigated. Our human range of hearing can’t even pick up on some of the more extremely pitched sounds made by the seals.

The creation of these sounds by the seals still stumps scientists. Underwater, both their mouths and nostrils are tightly sealed. Weddell seals have been recorded diving up to 1500 feet in depth. This is the farthest any mammal has ever been officially recorded as diving. They can also submerge themselves for long periods. One stayed under for over 28 minutes. A sample of seal mother?s milk was collected by a lucky zoologist. It was found that this seal milk had a higher fat content than human milk, and allowed the seal pups to gain weight faster than any other mammals. In fact, a baby seal only takes a month and a half to quintuple its own weight.

With special diving suits, the seas around Antarctica have been investigated by scientists. The ocean floor hosts lots of multi-hued seaweed, including red. Other species included five foot words, four foot sponges, and starfish that had both red and white coloration on it, making Antarctica the most interesting place to find new life.

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Of all the ice in the world, Antarctica carries more than nine-tenths of it, and 2% of the planet’s water resides there. Sea level is greatly affected by the inland ice. If this ice should completely melt, the disastrous effects would cross the globe. Seaports would disappear, and coastlines would certainly change.

The insanity of it is that if all the ice melted, sea level would rise an astounding 250 feet. Because of this, it is critically essential to know the current day situation regarding the Antarctica ice mass. If the ice is presently waxing greater or waning is not important. In theory, the great ice sheet is like a book of records for geophysical events that have occurred from this moment to as far back as a million years ago.

The ice and snow have recorded events like nuclear explosions, the use of leaded gasoline and even lead smelting. Scientists have examined how much lead has particulated on the ice since 1950. Lead alkyls have found their way into the ice. These are the result of the use of gasoline which includes lead and have been found to have increased exponentially. Now that we know this, we can learn just how serious our pollution troubles really are.

Interestingly enough, the polar snow and ice didn’t record any trace of DDT, but the penguins, seals and some fish in Antarctica did. The planet is constantly being hit by stuff from space. These particles can be dated by where they are found in the ice. Scientists could make better space vehicles because they see a pattern in these particulates.

The most common type of vegetation in Antarctica are lichens. Mites and springtails are the common land animals. The biggest of these land animals is the wingless fly, in fact you will find no flying insects at all. The Weddell seal and penguins make their home in the surrounding ocean. What’s impressive about the Weddell seal is the fact that it has been observed diving 1,500 feet and remained under water for as long as 30 minutes in order to feed.

Adelie penguins like to nest on iceless areas on Antarctica?s coasts. When winters approaches, they migrate north. Helping them to stay on a perfect course with amazing accuracy, they possess a biological clock and capability of steering by the sun. It took three Adelies ten months to travel the 2400 miles back to their rookery. Six had been transferred. They were taken to the South Pole via plane and then let go. After they were released, they studied their surroundings a while, fixed their gaze on the sun, and then headed off in precisely the right course for their home nests.

Due to how productive this area is, it’s no surprise that the world’s largest creature frequents this place as well. More than five times bigger than any dinosaur, the great blue whale needs one ton of shrimp to eat each day. Compared to the Arctic, Antarctic seas contain a much greater diversity of fish. You can notice how effective the Antarctic Convergence is when you realize that most of the fish that dwell at the bottom of the Antarctic don’t exist elsewhere on Earth.

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A homecoming celebration was prepared when the arrival day of Antarctica?s scientific expedition finally came after the unwanted weather restricted them for about 10 additional days. Immediate relatives and acquaintance sat in black plastic airport chairs peep in at the large windows on the runway and glancing at their watches about an hour earlier as the plane was about to land. Beneath the lobby, there were 25 students together with teachers and parents, nibbling turkey sandwiches and preparing to caress their instructors with embrace.

Troops brought a lot of heart structured balloons, a bundle of roses and a pile of handcrafted welcome signs bearing images of penguins. The four team members brought along two backpacks of meteorites which will be taken photographs, cut open and tested and shared tales about their accomplished mission. The Antarctic journey also included two expert astronauts who worked at NASA before, a scientist from NASA and a resident of Chicago who played an important role significantly in funding part of the expedition. The mission draws the group to the Patriot Hills of Antarctica, South Pole and Thiel Mountains even if it isn?t as high as the Rockies, but just as stunning.

With regard to the technology they had along the trip, there was a complaint back in the States. He found the satellite phones to be no good. They made them think of what they left behind. Sooner or later he will once again be a professor of astronomy and geology in a populated continent.

This one in particular has not been the only expedition they went on considering unfamiliar territory. From the coast of the Black Sea last summer was where two of them and their scientific team were able to view the solar eclipse in Turkey. Over there they actually found themselves in a similar situation as that of their unanticipated stay in the Antarctic. For the solar eclipse was why they went there but they stayed for an intense earthquake as well. At the time, they were 200 miles away from the earthquake’s epicenter luckily jolting them with only a 5.5 magnitude.

Camaraderie on the trip was what he considered to be the best part of the trip and he also said that there was less stress with images of blue fields and snow covered scenery. Considered to be an exclusive club was the team which had a retired NASA scientist. The bunch was down to earth and the people were easy to converse with. Much fun and zero egos is what they believed in. In Antarctica they rode on snowmobiles, talked, read, and went cross country skiing even during their unexpected series of days.

Completing the outfit a 24 year old member shared with reporters and staff members for the trip which consisted of boots, heavy gloves, and goggles was an energetic smile. Back home she wore jeans and sneakers and a sweatshirt plus her cheerful smile. She was an avid fan of space science and this made her a participant in the Mars like continent trip. Such a trip provided students with an unusual opportunity. In order to learn, everything should be tied in. Living science and history is possible if your teacher is an explorer.

Experimentations done on this trip were on gravity, temperature, and rocks just like what the students back home are doing. Satellite phone or email was the way by which data were sent to students in 11 classrooms. Amusing were the questions raised as well as the answers provided. It was the variety in the answers that led to amusement. It was that results can differ when experiments are done in a snowy desert where temperatures are well below zero that the students learned from her.

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The first part of the expedition aboard a research vessel was departing from Punta Arenas Chile in early February. It was on the east of the Antarctic Peninsula, the Larsen Ice Shelf, where they first stopped and it was an unfamiliar place. Absolutely no one ever reached their destination before. The ocean’s depth was measured using sonar while the boat moved at a slow pace. Aside from gathering video footage, water and sediment samples were also gathered from the deck by students and researchers. These are samples which may take a long period of time to analyze.

The composition and water content of mud samples will be studied and this will result in information leading to its relation with global warming. Students said the trip was the opportunity of a lifetime. The trip allows you to really experience things firsthand, says a student. This student, who is a native of Scotland, plans to study global warming in graduate school. Not minding spending the rest of her life on a ship is one more student who will be studying at the school of Oceanography in one university next year.

Taking note of how intense the Southern Hemisphere weather conditions are, the group coped well. Similar to it was Upstate New York. There is nothing more extreme, including cold days, than sunrise at 430 am setting at 930 pm. When you look out the window, the brightness can make it rather painful. Civilization may be lacking but that did not prevent science 24 seven. Designated shifts for the students were either midnight to noon or vice versa. Either sleeping on the bunk beds or catching movies in the group lounge was the activity for students on off days.

This does not mean that there were no rules. Anything big should be known by the seniors on the trip. Not only did one senior student need to go to an emperor penguin but she also needed to check out a surface volcano. This made you not want to sleep, according to this Dryden native. You look forward to these occurrences. The best day of her life was when they explored Vega Island. Incredible was the experience of being able to stand where only 10 people have ever stood before.

Students who participated missed five weeks of classes. During the trip not much work was done in terms of their schoolwork for they had busy schedules and their vessel dealt with several environmental perils. The ship always being in motion did not make the situation easier. People back home received as little as two emails a day from them. This journey brought together the students and faculty because of the close quarters and the lack of distractions. From a student came the comment of having no escape. Everything from the desolated area to the extreme environment will really make people close.

For the customs officials the explanatory documents for the unique cargo were prepared as they carried their samples back to the United States in coolers. For a student it was also necessary to bring 323 digital pictures and five rolls of film. Embracing the environment became the option taken by a student who also joined in the expedition last year. You have to live the experience. It is enough to be aware of what is around you.

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At McMurdo Station on the Ross Ice Shelf was where she worked in 1988 as a member of a support crew for scientists and the location was 825 miles from the South Pole. She may have been called a general field assistant then, but she says that it would make her a go for today. Written by the National Science Foundation was Survival in Antarctica which she needed to read. Aside from an extensive physical exam she was also required to get shots. The absence of medical treatment over there necessitates these.

The possible consequences that come with your need for medical assistance include a hefty cost for the government and possible harm for other people. Once she arrives in Antarctica she will be heading off for an outdoor survival school. Making emergency sleeping shelters for when she is far from the base will be taught as well as how to recognize a crevasse field.

A covered walkway led from the tent to a bathroom where four lavatories and two showers were located. A sign was posted saying how personnel are only allowed a two minute shower a week. Flush toilet only when necessary. Without any other order this stands. If the station catches fire, they have an adequate amount of water to use. They ran equipment all throughout the day in the middle of sub zero temperatures causing many mechanical malfunctions especially at the water plant.

In this case, water reserves are needed much more. Other than maintain a water supply for cooking, they also saw to it that there was drinking water. If the water is to be used for toilets, showers, and laundry then a request is out of the question.

Advanced planning for all their phone calls was also necessary. Waiting for a phone call is necessary so you need to put yourself on a waiting list until the weather clears up and your call comes through. Part of the communications link are ham radio operators.

It was very challenging to deal with the cold from the rest of the inconveniences they encountered. 32 degrees was the usual temperature from October through December which was summer over there. Changes in temperature happened around January. She used her diaries to record changes in the temperature.

With the weather, it can easily dictate pair work. Also, the weather can prohibit outdoor travel. All travel is forbidden by intense weather conditions. Realizing a lot of personal things due to isolation was her. There were changes. Such a swaggering person was this woman before the Antarctica trip. There are a lot of things that can only be accomplished by working with another. She is able to relax after realizing this.

Out of the ordinary is what the continent is. Sharing the firsthand experience for an untouched continent is what is wonderful about the entire expedition. There are not a lot of places man has yet to visit. Rivers, the timber, and mountains have no escape when it comes to man.

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It was in the year 1988 when she became part of a support crew for scientists 825 miles from the South Pole at the McMurdo Station on the Ross Ice Shelf. Her job title was general field assistant, but the plain spoken lady says, in common everyday language, it’s better known as a go for. She needed to read a source from the National Science Foundation entitled Survival in Antarctica. She also had to undergo a series of inoculations and pass an extensive physical exam. All of these are necessary for there are no medical facilities.

So if you were to have some sort of serious illness they would have to evacuate you out by helicopter which would cost the government a lot of money and put a lot of other people in danger. Once in Antarctica, she had to go through an outdoor survival school. Should she find herself far from the base, she will know how to spot a crevasse field and make an adequate sleeping shelter.

Using a covered path the bathroom with four lavatories and two showers were led on from the tent. Only a two minute shower a week is permitted for personnel as what was said on a sign. No flushing if not necessary. Implemented until further notice is this ruling. That station may catch fire and when it does they could be prepared. Not only in the water plant but other equipment used in sub zero temperatures throughout the day suffered from mechanical problems.

It is important to have water when this happens. Purposes like cooking and drinking always have their own supplies of water. They are not particularly concerned when it comes to water for flushing, showering, and doing laundry.

In addition, they could not easily call their relatives back home. There was a waiting list you needed to put yourself on so that when the weather does not interfere with the air waves you can make a call. The communications link is run by ham radio operators.

It was very challenging to deal with the cold from the rest of the inconveniences they encountered. A recorded temperature of 32 degrees happened during the summer running from October through December. Temperature changes occur when January arrives. She used her diaries to record changes in the temperature.

Weather can be the reason to work only in pairs. There are times when weather affects outdoor travel. Absolutely no travel is allowed when the weather conditions are harsh. Isolation made her realize a lot about herself. What resulted were changes. Antarctica made her realize that she was an overconfident person. From time to time she will need another person’s help and she knows it. With this she is more at peace with things.

Weird describes that continent. Sharing the firsthand experience for an untouched continent is what is wonderful about the entire expedition. There are limited destinations not reached by man. Man can go to the mountains, the rivers, and in the timber if desired.

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Probably around November of 1976 was when he found out that was among the few developed countries that can provide for such a flight to take place and so he called the premier flag carrier and asked that it charter a 707. There was a lack of seriousness for the airline at first. Aside from not being able to receive this kind of request before, the carrier also saw minimal financial gain in the plan. Because of his seriousness not to mention determination the charter manager changed his mind.

Being able to sell some passengers their tickets did not come easy. Bookings during the first few weeks into the charter were from six passengers only. Later on word began to travel around and a paper even published a story about it. A while after the story was released by the paper, the reservations for the flight began to pile up. What they accomplished in four hours was filling up a 707 plane. About three 707s could be filled up with the number of passengers they got within the day.

When the turnout bewildered him, he contacted the airline for two additional 747s. Such a request was not taken seriously at first. In the end, they got a jumbo for the trip instead.

It was the airline spokesman who said that the best way to view Antarctica was during the summertime in the Southern Hemisphere where the weather is clear from the months of November through February. When it comes to visibility it works on a risk basis and viewing conditions cannot always be guaranteed in this case. For a flight like this one no extra safety precautions are needed. An ordinary, routine pattern is what the flight will have, according to the superintendent of’s major airline.

He is a veteran of 22 years from his country’s flag carrier and he was the first to fly to South America but this was a completely different flight. For him, anything could happen and could be seen over there. Pure and clean and massive are the words to describe it. From pale to indigo ran the shades of blue he saw and the white was the whitest of the whites.

Every sight was nothing but amazing. He did not want to miss a thing and what he felt was nothing but pure joy.

If you are assigned to a window seat then you could expect to be swapping seats periodically. Measuring viewing intervals was accomplished with the help of a computer system. Utilized was a flying pattern that made it possible to have maximum viewing abilities on both sides of the plane. Much consideration was given for the varieties of the scenery of Antarctica given the most extreme of weather conditions and they saw to it that they are able to provide the best view of everything from the glaciers and coastline to the mountains and ice plateaus.

The flight over the area is about 12 1/2 hours. When not flying over the Antarctic, time is taken up with diversions such as guest lectures, movies, and games. Aside from full course meals is customary cabin service with this airline.

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It is also interesting to note that Antarctica has become known to never allow any weight gain among people of the heartiest appetites, even as they ingest at least four meals or more a day thanks to the intense cold, eating away the calories a lot faster than any diet crazes people get obsessed with. There is, however, a rare affliction called as the big eye, which does not enable people to sleep during the extremely bright summer season, specifically thanks to the 3 am sunshine, thus creating a mass insomnia affliction.

Only in the Frozen continent can we find the harshest conservation laws. The statutes make the scientific field parties burn their human excrement and urinate only into sealed barrels as these are extremely stringent. Special licenses are now required to kill the animal life that was slaughtered a century ago by the whalers and sealers. Through the National Science Foundation, Americans alone are able to shell out more or less $45 million annually in order to push for scientific studies as the behavioral and ecological adaptation of penguins of the pygoscelid kind, the history of polar precipitations leading to ice crystals, and the evolution of mesozoic and cenozoic depositional basins found in the South Orkney Isles and also in the northern Antarctic Peninsula.

During the busy summer season from November until mid February, women populate several of the various research stations, and at Vostok near the geomagnetic pole, Russian women are increasing in numbers. But as yet no female navy personnel have spent the winter on the continent, and the Navy brass swears none will. But the Pentagon is being pressured to add women in the roster of wintering-over parties in McMurdo and also at the area 728 miles farther south, the South Pole.

The senior naval officer states that except for one thing, they do not have any objections to the plan. Before we can give the go signal for the ladies for wintering over assignments, perhaps you can help us solve this quandary, on how exactly the wives of the men coming down here will be reacting once they find out that other women will spend the longest nights on Earth with their husbands?

Very far from the Arctic with its teeming bird life, herds of caribou and a huge populace of furred animals ranging from the Arctic hare to polar bears, the Antarctic does not have any life whatsoever except perhaps the seals along the coastline which are hardly ever residents there. Without any flyable wings or singing capability, penguins hold the biggest bird population along with the amazing ability to lay eggs and hatch these during wintertime, at the most freezing temperatures even.

While this a desolate world, its marine life is pumping with life. Whales and seals brimming in the waters of Antarctica was what led to the arrival of these voyagers. They did not arrive for the astounding sights. Seal skin and whale oil lured them, and this the foundation of New England’s immense wealth. And it was a sealer captain aptly known as Mr.Nathaniel Brown Palmer, who, at just the young age of 22, discovered the Atlantic Peninsula and then received the honor of having this place named after him.

Krill, four inch long crustacean species, all one and a half billion metric tons of them on average, are known to thrive within these waters, prodding nutritionists to believe that this the biggest source of protein in the entire world. Most experts today aver that the protein that can be harvested at the bottom of these four season along with others washing the continental shelf of the fisheries, are a lot more than what trawlers all over the world from different seas combined can be able to harvest in a year.

And some of the ichthyologists say it was the greed and the butchery of the sealers and whalers which produced the present huge supply of krill. The slaughter of the baleen whales along with the krill-eating seals may have allowed the krill population to increase by the billions following the near elimination of their biggest enemies.

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In Antarctica the summers are short and the scientists have decided to take helicopter rides with their West German colleagues going over valleys free of snow allowing them to see the grandest sights from the continent. Not much pleasure was attained by the gentlemen from the helicopter rides. The distance of the radioactivity detector to the cliffs should be a few hundred feet.

Valuable resources can also be obtained from the continent other than uranium. A lot of factors contribute to the challenges of exploiting these resources with little doubt that this will become increasingly practical in the years to come.

Harvesting krill is being studied by one Polish fleet, it is an inexpensive protein source resembling a shrimp and originates from the Weddell Sea. In a mountain was where high grade iron ore was found by Soviets. 1973 was when an American research vessel found some ethane and methane in the Ross Sea. Natural gas and oil sources can be associated with these kinds of trace evidence.

When it comes to what Antarctica’s continental shelf can hold the US Geological Survey can handle 45 billion barrels of oil and 115 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. The difference from the annual US consumption is eight times for oil and six for natural gas respectively. Surveying the defect Intrusive are geologists to be supported this year by the National Science Foundation. Deposits of chromium and platinum may be found in this place which is like South Africa with its mineral rich areas and the bush veld.

During the International Geophysical Year celebration, America prompted for an Antarctic treaty that a number of nations present then agreed upon. From not pursuing territorial claims to openly conducting scientific research, the nations also agreed to use the continent for nothing but peaceful purposes and to protect its environment and wildlife. To help out, the National Science Foundation administered American bases.

Problems with regard to resource exploitation were talked about in Oslo during the meeting of treaty nations. In this case, changes require unanimous agreements. Sensitive is the issue that pertains to the interest in valuable resources of other countries. As much information as possible should be extracted from the continent’s resources as said by the scientists. Antarctic resource development proves to be a rather controversial issue agreed upon by most people in terms of international cooperation.

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